What does Article 3 of the Constitution establish?

Article 3 of the Constitution is specifically focused on the judiciary, establishing the federal court system. This includes the creation of the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States, as well as the authority to establish lower federal courts. Through this framework, Article 3 outlines the power, jurisdiction, and responsibilities of the judiciary, ensuring an independent judiciary to interpret laws and uphold the Constitution. This foundational aspect plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of powers within the federal government, distinguishing the judiciary's function from that of the legislative and executive branches.

The other options pertain to different aspects of the Constitution. While congressional authority over federal courts is related, it is not the primary focus of Article 3. The structure of the Executive Branch is established in Article 2. Similarly, states' rights and responsibilities are primarily addressed in Article 4 and the Tenth Amendment, not Article 3. Hence, choice C correctly identifies the content and purpose of Article 3.