What does "separation of powers" refer to?

"Separation of powers" refers to the distribution of government responsibilities into distinct branches, typically the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This framework is designed to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful, thus providing a system of checks and balances. By assigning different functions and powers to each branch, this principle promotes accountability and prevents the abuse of power. Each branch has specific roles: the legislative makes laws, the executive enforces them, and the judicial interprets them. This structure is foundational in democratic governance, reflecting the values of liberty and justice.

The other options do not reflect the correct understanding of separation of powers. The division of power between various political parties does not specifically address the constitutional framework. The allocation of resources to different sectors pertains more to economics or policy-making rather than governance structures. Lastly, the categorization of laws by their effects is related to the classification of legislations rather than the distribution of governmental power.