Which city-state of ancient Greece is often associated with the foundations of democracy?

Athens is often regarded as the birthplace of democracy in ancient Greece. This city-state developed a system of government in the 5th century BCE that allowed for broader participation by its citizens in political life. Athenian democracy was characterized by the principle of direct participation, where citizens—who were free male residents of Athens—had the opportunity to engage in decision-making processes regarding laws and governance. This included participation in the Assembly and various councils, which deliberated on issues affecting the city-state.

In contrast, other city-states like Sparta had a very different political structure. Sparta was known for its militaristic society and oligarchic governance, emphasizing discipline and the rule of a few elites rather than democratic principles. Corinth and Thebes also had varying forms of governance but did not have the same profound influence on the development of democratic thought and practice as Athens did. The democratic innovations of Athens laid the groundwork for future democratic systems and concepts, making it a pivotal historical example in the discourse on governance and civic participation.