Which concept explains the principle that each branch of government operates independently without interfering in others' functions?

The principle that each branch of government operates independently without interfering in the functions of the others is best explained by the concept of Separation of Powers. This concept divides the government into three distinct branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers, which allows them to operate independently and prevents any one branch from accumulating too much power or authority.

By having this separation, the system promotes a balance where each branch can check the other branches' powers, fostering accountability and protecting against tyranny. For example, the legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces them, and the judicial branch interprets them. This clear delineation helps maintain a system of governance in which each branch can function without encroaching upon the duties and responsibilities of the others.

While checks and balances do relate to how these branches interact and monitor each other, the core principle of independence stems from the Separation of Powers. Federalism refers to the division of power between national and state governments, and delegated powers pertain to specific powers assigned to various levels of government, which do not pertain to the operational independence of branches within the same level of government.